Metformin inhibits the transcription factor NF-κB by preventing its nuclear translocation.64 In a rat model of nondiabetic CKD, metformin protected kidney function, with proteomic analysis revealing reduced levels of cellular senescence.65 Metformin also attenuated calcineurin inhibitor-induced renal fibrosis in rats.66 However, metformin-associated lactic acidosis can cause metabolic acidosis in patients with eGFR <40 ml/min, and this has been shown to have a deleterious effect on renal function, limiting clinical use in patients with advanced CKD.67 Here, NFKB1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.