After excluding patients without enzalutamide or abiraterone use (n = 11,955), those with both enzalutamide or abiraterone use (n = 362), with the initiation of abiraterone use without steroids (n = 1), with prior stroke, MI, or HF (n = 199), or without baseline PSA (n = 5), 1015 patients (mean age 70.6 ± 8.8 years old) were included in the final analysis (Fig. 1), of whom 456 were enzalutamide users over a median duration of treatment of 6.5 (IQR 3.0–12.3) and 559 were abiraterone users over a median duration of treatment of 5.5 (IQR 1.9–12.2). Here, KLK3 is linked to stroke disorder.