In addition, dyslipidaemia, characterised by elevated triglycerides (TGs), and atherogenic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [both apolipoprotein (Apo)B expressing], as well as decreased atheroprotective ApoA1 expressing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations are also common in SLE and associated with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis [12]. Here, APOA1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.