Strikingly, in the UK Biobank cohort, all 24 metabolites from the signature that were reduced in SLE in all age groups, including all HDL metabolites and ApoA1, had a significant negative association (hazard ratio <1) with both atherosclerosis incidence (from 625 cases) and myocardial infarction mortality (from 387 events), whilst GlycA (increased in SLE) had a significant positive association with both (Fig. 3A and B; Supplementary Table S5, Supplementary Fig. S5A and B, both available at Rheumatology online). Here, APOA1 is linked to atherosclerosis.