The above comparison of risks/hazards between APOE-ε4 genotype and lifetime incarceration should be interpreted with caution as APOE-ε4 genotype is a single, precisely measured risk factor and past incarceration is likely a proxy (i.e., not causal) for the many exposures that go along with a criminal lifestyle—although our analysis did adjust for lifestyle factors associated with both past incarceration and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., alcohol consumption, social isolation). This evidence concerns the gene APOE and neurodegenerative disease.