Moreover, in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit model, vitamin E exhibited a decelerating effect on atherosclerosis progression by elevating the levels of PPAR and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), consequently enhancing ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) while diminishing MMP-1 [31]. Here, ABCA1 is linked to atherosclerosis.