TNF and Alzheimer disease: The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was significantly decreased in AD mice treated with GCA or EX or EX+GCA relative to untreated AD mice, and in these treated mice, it was also found that in the hippocampal tissue of AD mice treated with both GCA and EX relative to AD mice treated with only one treatment modality, the expression of IL-1β and TNF- α expression was significantly reduced.