In malignancy, CAF will determine the progress of tumor cells through regulating nutrition for tumor cells, re-shaping the extracellular matrix so that cancer cells can invade more easily, suppressing the body's defense system so that cancer cells are not destroyed by immune cells, and regulating extra and intra-cellular signals so that cancer cells can survive chemotherapy.51 CAF has several markers including: α-SMA, FAP, integrin β1/CD29; where α-SMA is the most widely used marker for CAF.52 Here, ACTA1 is linked to neoplasm.