GDF15 and myocardial infarction: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released from activated neutrophils, monocytes and endothelial cells in response to oxidative stress, especially after myocardial infarction, while growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways by inhibiting macrophage activation in a large number of pathological conditions, including AHF (55, 56).