INS and steatosis: Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides have been observed to activate PPARγ, inhibit LPS-TLR4/NFκB immune responses, reduce the Firmicutes to Bacteroides ratio (F/B ratio), promote adipocyte differentiation, attenuate adipocyte volume, alleviate hepatocyte steatosis, elevate adipokine expression, enhance insulin sensitivity, and mitigate insulin resistance (Gu et al., 2020).