MTOR and Alzheimer disease: Representative pathways include (i) HIF1a signaling related to microglia dysfunction in AD,87 (ii) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with well-established link to AD-related neuroinflammation (astrogliosis),88 (iii) Triacylglycerol biosynthesis,89 (iv) RHOGDI, Rho-guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and spine dynamics with the strong association between spine abnormalities (synapse loss) and cognition,90 (v) Impaired PI3K-AKT-GSK-3beta-mTOR pathway in AD-associated microglia,91 and (vi) Mitochondrial dysfunction92, 93.