LCN2 and neoplasm: However, when at least one potentially immunogenic HCCTAA, such as Lcn2, was added to VSV-IFNß + anti-PD-L1, early treatment with anti-PD-L1 ICI allowed for expansion of potentially tumor reactive CD8+ T cells (Cluster 17 in Fig. 3), the anti-Lcn2 component of which could then be boosted by late vaccination with VSV-IFNß-Lcn2.