Splenocytes from mice treated with VSV-SB-HCC1,2,3 alone generated a Th1/IFN-γ recall response that was equivalent to that from splenocytes from mice treated with anti-PD-L1 alone (Fig. 7E), whereas splenocytes from mice treated with VSV-IFNß-SB-HCC1,2,3 + anti-PD-L1 generated a significantly increased Th1/IFN-γ recall response to SB-HCC cell explants (Fig. 7E). Here, CD274 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.