Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the addition of a highly immunogenic oncolytic virus to a weak, pre-existing anti-PD-L1-sensitive anti-tumor immune response inhibited the therapeutic anti-HCCTAA immune response (Fig. 2D–E) irrespective of treatment sequencing and the combination of virus and ICI therapy was unable to improve on the efficacy of ICI alone. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.