Using CyTOF analysis, Fig. 3 showed that VSV-IFNß treatment did indeed generate a highly significant expansion of one, or a few, dominant anti-viral effector CD8+ T cell populations with the concomitant relative disappearance of those putative anti-tumor T cell populations which are the likely target of anti-PD-L1 treatment. Here, IFNA1 is linked to neoplasm.