Moreover, the repolarization of the effector response of CD8+ T cells away from anti-HCCTAA CD8+ T cells towards a population of anti-viral effector CD8+ T cells would allow the concomitantly administered anti-PD-L1 ICI to focus upon the anti-viral, rather than anti-HCCTAA CD8+ T cells – thereby re-invigorating the anti-viral, rather than anti-tumor, T cell response. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.