ATF4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In a rat model of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, caudatin at 50 mg/kg modulated ERS in rat cells and triggered apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by suppressing the ATF6 and PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathways, while caudatin reduced interleukin-6, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-1β levels and biomarkers of liver inflammation, which were effective in the prevention of liver cancer (Song et al., 2020).