CASP9 and leukemia: In the leukemia cell lines U937 and HL-60 and primary leukemia cells (AML), asperuloside stimulated the cleavage of caspase-9/3 and PARP and facilitated the loss of MMP and the release of Cyto-c from mitochondria, inducing cell death; in addition, in U937 cells and heterozygous nude mice, asperuloside significantly induced ERS by increasing the expression levels of GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, CHOP, p-IRE1, XBP1, ATF6 and cleaved caspase-12, further showing that asperuloside regulated the interaction between GRP78 and PERK and subsequently mediated apoptosis (Rong et al., 2020).