DDIT3 and liver cancer: Nanoparticles (TTF1-nps) of TTF1 (5,2′,4′-trihydroxy-6,7,5′-trimethoxyflavone) upregulated the expression of GRP78 in liver cancer lines (HepG2, Hep3B, PLC/PRF/5), activated three main pathways involved in ERS, namely, PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, and upregulated the expression of CHOP and caspase4, thereby inducing apoptosis, and TTF1-nps at 5, 10 and 20 μmol/kg doses treated with nude mouse HepG2 xenograft models for 16, 18 and 20 days, respectively, were also shown to suppress the proliferation of tumor cells (Xiao et al., 2016).