TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes caused a significant increase in the mean fold change in the relative mRNA expression of the renal proinflammatory markers such as nuclear factor-κB NFKβ, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared with the control group (Figures 4A–D).