Type 1 diabetes induced a significant upregulation in the mean fold change of the relative mRNA expression of renal endoplasmic reticulum stress markers such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), ATF6, ATF3, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), X-box binding protein (XBP1), and immunoglobulin-binding protein (BIP) compared with the control group Figures 5A–G. Here, ATF4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.