CYCS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes-induced renal cell apoptosis could be attributed to oxidative stress (Sha et al., 2017), endoplasmic reticulum stress (Erekat et al., 2019), and cytokine-mediated renal apoptosis (Sha et al., 2017) that activated the phosphorylation of P53 which increases the expression of BAX and decreases the expression of antiapoptotic factor BCL2; then, BAX-activated cytochrome C that activates cleavage of pro-caspase 9 into active caspase 9 and activated caspase 3 ended with the propagation of the apoptotic pathway (Tomita, 2017).