TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In three small studies, the relative abundance of varying numbers of genera (often Clostridia) predicted the clinical response to anti-TNF during, or shortly after induction,25,38,45,48 (although in one of these studies, the time point of the predictor is unclear).25 One study included specific fungal genera with differences in abundance between IBD subtypes, thus including Candida in the UC model.