CTLA4 and neoplasm: Immune checkpoint proteins programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), alongside arginase 1 (ARG1), TIM-3, and estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated antigen 9 (EBAG9), potentially encapsulated in exosomes, mediate systemic immune suppression and local tumor progression [39].