With the approval of checkpoint inhibitors that target PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 for HCC, tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of HCC, and immunosuppressive TME is not only a target for immunotherapy, but also the basis for tumor immune evasion and acquired drug resistance after immunotherapy9–11. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and hepatocellular carcinoma.