CAT and injury: Additionally, rhein protects endothelial cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage [11], significantly reduces the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury model rats, and significantly increases the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), thereby hindering oxidative stress and exerting renoprotective effect [12].