In models of lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis and kidney fibrosis, activation of the SPHK-S1P-S1PR axis was shown to induce TGF-β-mediated fibrotic processes, and when inhibited, the SPHK-S1P-S1PR axis reduced fibrotic processes [85]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.