Whereas the Tysabri-treated patients showed a reduction of CD4+ T cell and B cell proportion when compared to treatment-naïve multiple sclerosis patients, correlating with previous findings of altered immune cell composition in the CSF of Tysabri-treated patients.7 A high proportion of macrophage-like cells characterized by very low expression of the long non-coding genes MALAT1 and NEAT1 was also observed in the Tysabri-treated multiple sclerosis patients (Fig. 1D). This evidence concerns the gene NEAT1 and multiple sclerosis.