KLK3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: However, these predictors are not cancer specific; benign conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, may also result in the enlargement of the prostate and an increase in PSA and are more prevalent in ageing men [32], which may explain why CM performed less strongly in both internal and external validation cohorts than TLS and TLN when differentiating PCa and BCs.