Consistently, different indices, including ace, chao1, observed_otus, and Shannon, showed similar tendencies and significant differences between PJS patients and healthy controls (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test) (Fig. 1a). The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.