APOL1 and Nephropathy: This predisposes to progressive kidney disease, with odds ratios for hypertension-associated end stage kidney disease (ESKD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and HIV-associated nephropathy exceeding 7, 17, and 30, respectively, when comparing APOL1 high-risk (APOL1-HR, i.e., individuals carrying either the G1/G1, G1/G2, or G2/G2 genotypes) to low-risk (APOL1-LR) genotypes3,7.