Treatment of the more physiological AOM/DSS CRC mouse model with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-L1 led to smaller and fewer tumors, reduced cancer stem cells, increased immune cell infiltration into tumors, increased CD8+ T-cell frequencies in tumor draining lymph nodes and increased splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation (Mager et al., 2020). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is infectious otitis media.