CCL3 and infection: Extensive infection leads to the alteration of early cellular gene expression in activated macrophages, followed by sustained release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, along with reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals (Gupta et al., 2001; Stroher et al., 2001; Wahl-Jensen et al., 2011; Wong et al., 2014).