For instance, in breast cancer, TAMs often support tumor growth by promoting angiogenesis (19) through releasing growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (20), while in melanoma, they predominantly exhibit immune-suppressive characteristics (21, 22). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.