TGFB1 and malaria: Based on its potential anti-inflammatory properties, reseachers found that dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a sesquiterpene lactone which is widely used for the treatment of malaria and fever that is extracted from a traditional Chinese herb, Artemisia annua L., significantly alleviates pathogenic manifestations in OFs of GO by inhibiting proliferation, fibrosis- and inflammation-related gene expression, and TGF-β1-induced inflammation in OFs via suppression of the ERK and STAT3 signaling pathways (Yang et al., 2022).