Additionally, augmented TNFα and IFN-γ concentrations in the circulation are associated with a poorer prognosis in RA patients (Azizieh et al., 2017), and they have been observed to induce PANopotosis synergistically by way of the JAK/STAT1/IRF1 signaling pathway and NO production (Karki et al., 2021). Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.