Budesonide was also shown to reduce colitis severity in mice with DSS- and acetic acid-induced colitis, partly through reducing the expression profile of various mediators/cytokines such as myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (Ali et al., 2014; Mishra et al., 2023; Seoudi et al., 2023; Xian et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2023). Here, PTGS2 is linked to colitis.