TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Furthermore, TH-1-mediated cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α contribute to colitis pathogenesis and are important therapeutic targets for IBD management (Stevens et al., 1992; Reinecker et al., 1993; Elsässer-et al., 1994; Woywodt et al., 1994; Dionne et al., 1997).