However, only treatment with BBR reduces TNFα-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) associated with endothelial dysfunction, possibly through phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK1/2, compared to treatment with lovastatin (Caliceti et al., 2017). Here, VCAM1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.