At the same time, in HFD-induced NAFLD rats, BBR-induced activation of SIRT3, a crucial gene for fatty acid oxidation, alters the expression of ACC and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT-1A), thereby reducing hepatic steatosis (Zhang et al., 2019a). Here, CPT1A is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.