In contrast, in BALF MΦ from patients with severe COVID-19, our signalling pathway enrichment analysis showed strong upregulation of the NF-κB pathway, together with two NF-κB response amplifiers: the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) pathway engaging TLR2-MyD88, and the NOD2 pathway which serves as RNA sensor for Coronaviridae (Supplementary information, Fig. S11B) [61,62]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to COVID-19.