VCAM1 and chronic kidney disease: There is in vivo and in vitro evidence demonstrates endothelial activation and damage in association with CKD, causing impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and increased plasma levels of circulating cell adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin (22–24).