The most advanced AD biomarkers with a greater prognostic and diagnostic value that are changed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma include amyloid beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), neurofilament light (NFL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (Benedet et al., 2021; Chatterjee et al., 2023). Here, GFAP is linked to Alzheimer disease.