Treatment of the highly metastatic and tumorigenic melanoma cell line B16F10 with TGF-β and shAHNAK further confirmed that AHNAK knockdown resulted in a significant reduction in N-calmodulin expression and Smad3 phosphorylation and that TGF-β did not induce metastasis and invasion in AHNAK knockdown B16F10 cells (57). Here, TGFB1 is linked to melanoma.