Inclusion of Smad3 phosphorylation inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma cells did not affect the regulation of cell migration, invasion and EMT by TGF-β1 with or without knockdown of AHNAK2, suggesting that AHNAK2 promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression through the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway (51). Here, SMAD3 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.