TNF and sarcopenia: The GEE analysis adjusted by age and gender revealed sarcopenia significantly elevated TNF-α (p=0.003), IL-1β (p=0.001) and IL-6 (p<0.001), whereas intervention led to a decrease in TNF-α (p=0.005) and IL-1β (p=0.017) and an increase in IL-15 (p=0.024) (Table 3).