Moreover, we found that, similar to the mouse HBV infection model (Fig. 5B through E), both in HBV-specific (Fig. 6B and C; Fig. S9) and HBV non-specific (Fig. 6D and E; Fig. S9) T cells, PD-1 expression was induced by HBsAg and TOX was only elevated in HBV-HCC, while CTLA-4 and TIM-3 expression was induced in HBsAg_medium but repressed by HBsAg_high and was strongly upregulated in HBV-HCC. Here, CTLA4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.