Numerous studies using Hv1 knockout mice have demonstrated that microglial Hv1 is critical for NOX-dependent ROS production in demyelinating diseases [180], cerebral ischemia [181, 182], chronic hypoperfusion [53], traumatic brain injury [183], spinal cord injury (SCI) [184], neuropathic pain [185], etc. However, during neuropathology, peripheral blood-derived immune cells infiltrate the CNS, which share most of the immune markers with CNS-resident immune cells and it is difficult to distinguish them from CNS-derived immune cells [172]. The gene discussed is HVCN1; the disease is brain ischemia.