INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes can be classified into four main types: (a) type 1 diabetes (T1D), characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells, causing deficiency in insulin production; (b) MODY type diabetes, caused by idiopathic insulin deficiency; (c) type 2 diabetes (T2D), caused by the progressive loss of insulin secretion combined with insulin resistance; and (d) gestational diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia of varying degrees, diagnosed during pregnancy [4].