IFNG and neoplasm: After E. coli W3110msbB mutant-derived OMVs injection into the tail vein of CRC CT26 mice, OMVs specifically targeted and accumulated in tumor tissue and subsequently induced substantial interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels and promoted T cell-mediated immune responses, thereby suppressing established CRC and preventing tumor metastasis (Kim et al., 2017).