TNF and infection: After adjusting for covariates, the odds of experiencing the composite outcome of infection, sepsis, or IBD-related hospitalization after dose escalation were 2 times higher for those who received an anti–TNF-α treatment (adalimumab or infliximab) than for those who received vedolizumab (odds ratio [OR], 2.052; 95% CI, 1.200–3.507; P = .009; Figure S2).