Increased cytokine expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattactant protein-1 (MCP-1) are said to be a markers for bacterial and fungal superinfections.19 Knowing this, it is not surprising that critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated immune dysregulation are predisposed to superinfection such as VAP.20,21. Here, CCL2 is linked to ventilator-associated pneumonia.