CSF1 and neoplasm: On tumor cells, the TF-VIIa binary complex regulates activation of protease activated receptor (PAR) and thereby shapes the tumor microenvironment by inducing a series of proangiogenic (such as VEGF, Cyr61, VEGF-C, CTGF) and immune modulating cytokines (such as GM-CSF, M-CSF), chemokines (such as CXCL1, IL-8), and growth factors (such as EGF) (Schaffner and Ruf, 2009; Wojtukiewicz et al., 2015).