TNF and prostate cancer: In prostate cancer, a high lipid diet may accelerate tumor cell proliferation by increasing levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL -6, or TNF-α (Xu et al., 2014) or through activation of signaling pathways such as MCP-1/CCR2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2) (Huang et al., 2012).