As BMP2 had been previously suggested to induce inflammation by regulating cell adhesion protein E-selectin via a TNF-α-mediated mechanism (37) and modulate VEGFR2 signaling (21) that could induce vascular permeability and thus explain the observed pericardial effusion after AdBMP2 GT, we determined TNF-α and VEGF-A mRNA expression by RT-qPCR from the GT areas. Here, TNF is linked to pericardial effusion.