IL4 and necrotizing enterocolitis: NEC infants, compared to controls, showed elevation in baseline peripheral blood monocytes (cytokine secreting cells), vigorous mitogen responses (20–120 fold increase) for IFN-Y, IL-4, and IL5 (p < 0.001), strong responses to BLG (IFN-Y >IL-4/IL-5, p < 0.001) and some small casein responses.