Serum concentrations of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan propionic acid (CMPF), the main endogenous metabolite of furan FA, are elevated in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM, and can directly act on pancreatic β-cells to lead to impaired insulin secretion (175–177). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.