INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Even in T2D, where gene mutations are related to glucose homeostasis in β cells and insulin target tissues (45), genetic variants affecting viral response pathways have been identified; for example, a TYK2 promoter variant associated with a deteriorated cytokine response has been identified as risk factor for T1D as well as T2D (46) and correlates with increased T2D severity (47).