Significantly higher protein and mRNA levels of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, IL-17, and MCP1 (3, 6, 27, 32, 37, 38) together with macrophage infiltration have been identified in islets; alterations were observed in in-vitro and in-vivo models of T2D, in isolated islets and in autopsy-pancreases from donors with T2D. Here, CCL2 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.