DDIT3 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Further studies showed that TS-IIA alleviated pathological changes in the hearts of diabetic mice (6-week-old SD rats, single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg STZ, 2 days post-injection, with blood glucose greater than 16 mmol/L as the criterion for modeling) and inhibited the expression of ERS-related proteins and mRNAs (GRP78, CHOP), suggesting that Tan IIA ameliorates DCM by inhibiting ERS (Tao et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2023).