ERN1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Studies have shown that RES reduces the heart/body weight ratio, ameliorates myocardial hypertrophy, and improves cardiac function in DCM rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ); in addition, RES, through PERK/eIF2α, ATF6/CHOP, and IRE1α/JNK-regulated ERS, reduced AGEs-induced myocardial apoptosis in H9C2 cells in vitro (Guo et al., 2015).