TNF and neurodegenerative disease: LLDT-8 has also been established to reduce the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Ibrahim et al., 2021), and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by effectively inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing neuroinflammation (Ziaei and Halaby, 2016).