CTLA4 and cancer: In the past decade, due to their amazing antitumor efficacy and promising prospects, these anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (including other ICIs) have been accepted for the treatment of cancer, and some of them combined with other methods (such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy) have become the standard first-line therapy for some advanced cancers, such as GC, gastroesophageal cancer, and melanoma (Daud et al., 2016; Janjigian et al., 2021; Shitara et al., 2022).