As described above, joint inflammation models were constructed by cartilage organoid cultures and used to test the protective effect of the drug A2AR agonist on inflammation (Abraham et al., 2022) [A2AR is an adenosine receptor agonist, which targets adenosine receptors that play an essential role in articular cartilage homeostasis and arthritis development (Corciulo et al., 2017)]. The gene discussed is ADORA2A; the disease is arthritic joint disease.